The Cold War And The Soviet Union - 995 Words

World history is an extremely important subject that all students around the world should learn about. World history is simply a branch of knowledge that welcomes all humanity. It is essential to learn because it symbolizes the question of who we are, prepares us to live in the alluring world and ensures cultural literacy. One of the most fascinating events known in history includes the Cold War. This essay will explore the fierce, overpowering, and chaotic Cold War describing its purpose, summary and analysis of events, and how it came to a complete end. The Purpose of The Cold War The Cold War was solely a shape of political and military pressure beginning in Europe during the time era of 1945-1990. It occurred after the phenomenon of World War II between powers in the United States and powers in the Soviet Union. The relationship between these two nations was very apprehensive and fragile. They had different propositions about government and economics. The United States is known a s a capitalist country while the Soviet Union is known as a communist country. It is very important to note what the terms capitalism and communism signify. Capitalism is a political and economic system in which a country s trade and industry are primarily controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state. Communism is a distinct system of social organization in which all social and economicShow MoreRelatedThe Cold War And The Soviet Union973 Words   |  4 PagesThe Cold War was a state of economic, diplomatic, and ideological discord among nations without armed conflict. The Cold War was between the United States and the USSR because these were the two major powers after WWII. Basically, the Cold War was a series of proxy wars that had taken place back in time involving surrounding countries. One of the main causes for Cold War was that the Soviet Union was spreading communism and the United States didn’t like that so they were trying to contain communismR ead MoreThe Cold War And The Soviet Union1233 Words   |  5 PagesThe Cold War is unique among war’s to be not a war between states, but a war between ideologies. The United States and other allies defend social democracy capitalism, as the pinnacle of freedom and equality; and the Soviet Union though communism was the pinnacle of equality. These ideologies manifested themselves through the superpowers, which caused the conflict between them. Both the United States, and the Soviet Union are to blame for the outbreak of the Cold War. The United State’s missionRead MoreThe Cold War And The Soviet Union1697 Words   |  7 PagesThe Cold War, in fact didn’t take place in the winter season, but was just as dangerously cold and unwelcoming, as it focused on two contrasting powers: the U.S. and the Soviet Union. After World War 2, the Cold War influenced capitalist U.S. and communist Soviet Union to engage in disagreements causing many disputes having to use milita ry, economic and humanitarian aid. With different goals, the contrasting powers prove through the Marshall Plan, the Cuban Missile Crisis, and SALT that communismRead MoreThe Cold War And Soviet Union840 Words   |  4 PagesThere are many theories and opinions of how the cold war started. Some believe that the cold war was the result of the belligerence of Joseph Stalin and the insecurity it caused in the United States and the West. Others believe the primary responsibility for the cold war derives from the hardline policies of the United States. (Viewpoints Article: the Soviet Union Start the Cold War) I believe The Cold War was triggered by the theory of two superpower countries in a race for dominance in the worldRead MoreCold War And The Soviet Union859 Words   |  4 PagesAMS2270 Cold War This essay will discuss about cold war, including the background, beginning, progress and ending. As we know, cold war is a struggle between U.S. with NATO and Soviet Union with WTO from 1947 to 1991. It is a significant event in history, and it influence the almost all of world, it directly lead to the radical change of eastern Europe and the breakup of the USSR. In 1946 February, George.F.Kennan wrote a â€Å"Long Telegram†, it clearly said the strategy of containing Soviets and itRead MoreThe Cold War On The Soviet Union1230 Words   |  5 PagesThe Cold War’s effect on the Soviet Union Shortly after the World War 2 ended, the United States and its North Atlantic Treaty Organization allies entered the cold war with the Soviet Union. Germany was divided in half and later, the Berlin Wall was constructed as a physical boundary between the Soviet controlled East Germany and NATO controlled West Germany. This standoff continued until the Soviet Union dissolved in 1991. The cold war had a huge influence on the world stage, but also had a majorRead MoreThe Cold War And The Soviet Union1391 Words   |  6 Pageswake of World War II as the decades-long force of Germany’s reign came to its conclusion, an extensive repositioning of authority among the world’s top powers began. The war wielded devastating consequences for most countries involved and effectively diminished the dominance Britain and France once employed across the globe. Out of this devastation rose the two new dominating forces of the world who were triumphant in the aftermath of the war: the U nited States and the Soviet Union. The United StatesRead MoreThe Cold War And The Soviet Union Essay965 Words   |  4 PagesThe Cold War was a period in world history marked with increased tensions primarily between the United States and the Soviet Union. Both countries desired to expand their ideologies across the globe, the U.S. urging capitalism and democratic elections and the Soviets promoting communism. After the allies had obtained victory in World War II, the Yalta Conference was held. Joseph Stalin, the leader of the Soviet Union, wanted to expand his sphere of influence into Eastern Europe and demanded thatRead MoreThe Cold War And The Soviet Union1343 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract: As one of the most important events in 20th century, the Cold War had a very deep influence for the human-being civilization and it changed the world structure . The United States and the Soviet Union ,the two poles, became enemies from friends after the World War II. They adopt hostile attitude towards each other and criticized the the opponents’ social systems. To find out who provoked the Cold War, the US, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdoms ,Roosevelt, Truman ,Stalin, and ChurchillRead MoreThe Soviet Union Of The Cold War1745 Words   |  7 Pages During the era of the Cold War, starting in 1947 and definitively ending in 1991, the United States and the Soviet Union faced off in conflicts with each other through smaller states. The United States and Soviet Union faced off to see who could spread their ideology the most in Europe. The Soviet Union used force and supported coups to spread communism while the United States installed democratic governments as a way to counter communism in Eastern Europe. These small conflicts that the two superpowers

Defining Terrorism Free Essays

string(69) " a military and most importantly the terrorist goes after civilians\." If people around the world were surveyed and asked to define terrorism, the answers would be seemingly endless. It has been said, â€Å"one man’s terrorist is another man’s freedom fighter. † From culture to culture, people view terrorism in a different way. We will write a custom essay sample on Defining Terrorism or any similar topic only for you Order Now An inherent definition of terrorism would be the act of creating terror, but not everyone is terrified of the same thing. So how then is it possible to come up with one definition for the word? â€Å"A 2003 study by Jeffrey Record for the US Army quoted a source that counted 109 definitions of terrorism that covered a total of 22 different definitional elements. [1] In the book Understanding Terrorism, the author Anthony Marsella comes up with â€Å"four problems associated with efforts to define terrorism today: (a) there have been historical changes in the definition, (b) media and states have been inconsistent in their use of the term, (c) there are multiple definitions across agencies even within a single country such as the United States, and (d) there is international disagreement on the definition of the term. †[2] Some views of terrorism say that it must have political goals, while other do not believe this. Some views state that it must be innocents or civilians who are the victims, while other definitions do not believe this. Another argument is whether or not the terrorists must be non-state actors. Definitions are different based on whether they were created for legal purposes or international agencies. In this paper, I will go through some of the different arguments in order to provide a clearer sense of what terrorism truly means in this day in age. Most books written on terrorism begin by giving a definition of the word in the author’s opinion in order to put it into context for the remainder of the book. The entire first chapter of Bruce Hoffman’s book Inside Terrorism is dedicated to trying to define terrorism. Terrorism now seems to be a part of our everyday life. It appears as though every act of violence is perceived as being ‘terrorism. ’ Every time violence occurs people immediately think terrorism. The term terrorism is so hard to define and there is so much controversy about how to define it that it is easy to make the assumption that all violence is terrorism. At the same time, because of the controversy, many media sources are reluctant to use the word. Instead, they give attacks different titles. The Oxford Canadian Dictionary defines terrorism as the â€Å"systematic employment of violence and intimidation to coerce a government or community, especially into acceding to specific political demands. †[3] This definition might satisfy Hoffman because he believes it must be stressed that terrorism is the use or threat of violence to achieve a political aim. [4] Without a political aim, there cannot be terrorism. Nor can there be terrorism without the threat or use of violence. Hoffman believes it is difficult to define terrorism because of its ever-changing meaning throughout history. A factor that makes defining terrorism difficult is that the definition has changed over time. The original definition of the word is no longer the definition used today. The word originally gained support during the French Revolution as part of the â€Å"Reign of Terror. † The purpose was to scare people in order to prevent further revolutions from occurring. The terror was created by the state. Although the definition has changed since the â€Å"Reign of Terror,† there are two points that are similar in today’s definition. First, the regime de la terreur was neither random nor indiscriminate, as terrorism is often portrayed today, but was organized, deliberate, and systematic. †[5] Terrorists plan out their attacks, they are not random or spur of the moment. Targets in present day are often chosen based on what will receive the most media attention. â€Å"Second, its goal and its very justification was the creation of a â€Å"new and better society† in place of a fundamentally corrupt and undemocratic politically system. †[6] Simply put, terrorist attacks occur in order to achieve a political goal. Later, during the Industrial Revolution, Carlo Pisacane argued that the most effective way to publicize his cause was through violence, and that no other means would generate the same amount of attention. [7] This revolutionary-style terrorism remained up until the First World War. â€Å"By the 1930s the meaning of â€Å"terrorism† had changed again and was used to describe the practices of mass repression employed by totalitarian states and their dictatorial leaders against their own citizens. †[8] After the Second World War, the term returned to the original connation of a revolutionary type act. Up until the 1960s, terrorism was largely considered to be domestic. In the late 1960s and 1970s, terrorism began to become more international. It is important to discuss the three types of terrorism: international, domestic and â€Å"new terrorism. † Domestic terrorism is terrorism that takes place against people within your country. International terrorism is terrorism that takes place against people by a group that is not native to the country. New terrorism may have no political aims, but instead are more religious based and mainly concern themselves with destruction. The textbook The Globalization of World Politics states that there are â€Å"three factors that led to the birth of transnational terrorism: the expansion of air travel; the wider availability of televised news coverage; and the broad common political and ideological interests. †[9] These terrorist attacks initially took form in airplane hijackings, but as security tightened up, the terrorists instead chose American targets in foreign countries. Since the September 11th attacks on the United States, international terrorism is mainly what people think of when they think of terrorism. Those attacks were very publicized and had a huge impact on international relations. As well as understanding the different types of terrorism, it is also important to distinguish the difference between a terrorist, a guerrilla and a ‘freedom fighter. ’ â€Å"The freedom fighter conducts a campaign to liberate his people from dictatorial oppression, gross disarmament, or the grip of an occupying power. †[10] A guerrilla is fighting against a military and most importantly the terrorist goes after civilians. You read "Defining Terrorism" in category "Papers" Any group can use terrorism to achieve their goals. In the book Terrorism: The New World Order, Fotion et al explain that there are narrow and broad views of terrorism. The narrower views insist that victims of terrorism must be innocent. A problem with the narrower view is that although it is most often innocents who are targeted by terrorists, they did not see a distinction. Whether they target a military organization or innocent civilians, they are performing terrorist acts. Their objective does not change based on who they are attacking from one day to the next. Their goal is to demoralize their opponent. It is very hard to differentiate the difference between a guerrilla and a terrorist. Although a guerrilla would be attacking military personnel, they could be labelled differently based on their intentions. They could be attacking merely to kill and weaken their opponents or they could be attacking in order to scare the opponents into possibly retreating. By defining terrorism as only attacking civilians, it makes analyzing terrorism a lot more difficult. Fotion et al discussed the paradigmatic scheme, which represents the most generally accepted view of a terrorist attack. [11] â€Å"An attacking group (or individual) victimizes some group of people by harming or killing them. The attackers then escape either before, during or after the victimizing event. Others, seeing what has happened to the victim group become terrorized (frightened, anxious, etc. ). We will call this the immediate effect or result of the process of creating victims. While in their state of terror, they pressure their government to change its political outlook in a way that satisfies the goals of the attackers and, most likely, displeases the government and many of its people. This pressure and resulting changes count as the secondary effect or result of the victimization process. [12] The book Terrorism: The New World Order points out that the word terrorism is seen as having negative connotation, so those who are often labelled as such, would try and find a definition that does not apply to them. [13] â€Å"Those labelled â€Å"terrorists† by their opponents rarely identify themselves as such, and typically use other terms or terms specific to their situation, such as separat ist, freedom fighter, liberator, revolutionary, vigilante, militant, paramilitary, guerrilla, rebel or any similar-meaning word in other languages and cultures. [14] In the past, people did not hide behind these labels and proclaimed themselves as terrorists and their tactics to be terrorism. [15] This inability for people to acknowledge they are terrorists makes coming up with a definition near impossible. Robert Keeley wrote an entire article about trying to define terrorism. In this article he pointed out that freedom fighters and terrorists are two different things, however freedom fighters often use terrorism. [16] Keeley believes aims of terrorism include â€Å"to advertise for the terrorists’ cause and to weaken morale on the attacked side and build up morale on the attacking side. [17] Because of the pejorative connotation of the word, during warfare, groups often label their opponents as ‘terrorists’ in order to gain more support for their own side. Thi s furthers the difficulty of defining terrorism, as everyone wants to say their opponent is a ‘terrorist,’ which makes everyone a terrorist. At the end of his article, Keeley did not seem to be any closer to finding a true definition than at the beginning. In the book Terrorism: Origins and Evolution, Lutz and Lutz say there are six main parts to defining terrorism. They believe that violence is directed to political ends and that there must in fact be violence or a serious threat of violence. Terrorism must affect a wide range of people, not just the victims of the action. People need to be aware when a terrorist act has happened; there must be an audience. If no one is aware of an occurrence, then the attack has failed. Terrorism is organized and it is performed by a non-state actor. It is important to note the difference between war and terrorism. In simplest words, a war is a conflict between two organized groups. The difference between a war and terrorism is that terrorism occurs by a non-state organization. In recent years, with the availability of the Internet, it has become much easier for terrorists to spread their ideas. It is now simpler to gain the audience that is required to be a successful terrorist. Finally, they believe that terrorism is a weapon of the weak. Terrorist acts occur when the terrorists have no other options in order to achieve their political goals. [18] Though there are many definitions for the word terrorism, it seems that all the definitions stressed that it is political in nature. The act is used to achieve a political aim through the means of violence. Terrorists do not require extensive supplies and the goal is to gain support and demoralize their opponent. As long as those who may be seen as terrorists find other names to describe themselves, unwilling to admit that they are a terrorist, I believe it will continue to be difficult to agree on a specific definition. With no one willing to admit to being a terrorist, the word becomes completely subjective. There will always be controversy over finding one definition, especially with the â€Å"new terrorism† in which religion plays a huge role. These terrorists want nothing, but to create terror and cause destruction. They do not fit in the accepted definition of violence with a political motive, yet what they are doing is creating terror and therefore should be considered terrorism. People will find ways to describe themselves as anything but, and their opponents will try to stress that they are in facts terrorists. â€Å"Terrorism is ultimately a form of psychological warfare, nd it is designed to induce fear. †[19] BIBLIOGRAPHY Baylis, John, and Steve Smith. Globalization of World Politics an Introduction to International Relations. 3rd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005. Bisset, Alex, ed. â€Å"Terrorism. † The Canadian Oxford Paperback Dictionary. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2000. Fotion, Nicholas, Joanne K. Lekea, and Boris Kashnikov. Terrorism The New World Dis order (Think Now). New York: Continuum International Group, 2008. Hoffman, Bruce. Inside Terrorism. New York: Columbia University Press, 2006. Jackson, Robert, and Georg Sorensen. Introduction to International Relations: Theories and Approaches. 3rd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007. Keeley, Robert V. â€Å"Trying to Define Terrorism. † Middle East Policy IX. 1 (March 2002): 33-39. Lutz, James Michael, and Brenda J. Lutz. Terrorism Origins and Evolution. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005. Moghaddam, Fathali M. , and Anthony J. Marsella, eds. Understanding terrorism psychosocial roots, consequences, and interventions. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 2004. Terrorism Research Center, What is the Definition of Terrorism? (n. . ) Available from: Charles Townshend, Terrorism: A Very Short Introduction (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002). Whittaker, David J. Terrorists and terrorism in the contemporary world. London: Routledge, 2004. ———————– [1] Fathali Moghaddam et al. Understanding terrorism psychosocial roots, consequences, and interventions. (Washington: American Psyc hological Association, 2004), 14. [2] Fathali Moghaddam et al. Understanding terrorism, 15. [3] Alex Bisset, ed. â€Å"Terrorism. † The Canadian Oxford Paperback Dictionary. (Oxford: Oxford UP, 2000), 1085. 4] Bruce Hoffman. Inside Terrorism. (New York: Columbia University Press, 2006), 3. [5] Hoffman. Inside Terrorism, 4. [6] Hoffman. Inside Terrorism, 4. [7] Hoffman. Inside Terrorism, 5. [8] Hoffman. Inside Terrorism, 14. [9] John Baylis et al. Globalization of World Politics an Introduction to International Relations. 3rd ed. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), 482. [10] David J Whittaker. Terrorists and terrorism in the contemporary world. (London: Routledge, 2004), 4. [11] Nicholas Fotion et al. Terrorism The New World Disorder (Think Now). New York: Continuum International Group, 2008), 4. [12] Fotion et al. Terrorism The New World Disorder, 4. [13] Fotion et al. Terrorism The New World Disorder, 1. [14] Hoffman. Inside Terrorism, 20. [15] Hoffman. Inside Terrorism , 21. [16] Robert V Keeley. â€Å"Trying to Define Terrorism. † Middle East Policy IX. 1 (March 2002): 34. [17] Keeley. â€Å"Trying to Define Terrorism,† 36. [18] James M. Lutz et al. Lutz, James Michael, and Brenda J. Lutz. Terrorism Origins and Evolution. (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005), 9. [19] Lutz et al. Terrorism Origins and Evolution, 8. How to cite Defining Terrorism, Papers

Cervical Cancer in Bukit Panjang-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Cervical Cancer in Bukit Panjang. Answer: Introduction Cervical cancer is considered to be the 9th most common cancer that is found among Singaporean women. In order to cure cervical cancer it is important to detect the disease at an early stage. According to the doctors one of the most effective ways to prevent cervical cancer is to go for regular Pap smear in every three years. The current essay attempts to shed light on the strengths and weaknesses of the Malay community in Bukit Panjang in order to identify their vulnerability towards cervical cancer. Overview of Malay community In Bukit Panjang Malay, community is one of the many communities that live in Singapore. Women of Malay community are not aware of Cervical Cancer. according to Sheikh et al. (2015) attitudes towards cervical cancer and the screening services are some of the factors that are profoundly affected by the cultural norms and beliefs of a community. Among the age group of 21 to 56 the women of the community have been identified to be severely affected and prone to the cervical cancer. According to a primary research by Yong et al (2008) among 60 participants of the Malay community, residing at Bukit Pangjang more than 35 women never had a Pap Smear which is one of the primary factors for early detection of cervical cancer (Nwabichie et al. 2018). The Malay community and especially the women due to their cultural norms and values are often reluctant to discuss the cervical cancer and even participate in the surveys regarding the detection of cervical cancer. Overview of the local demography in Bukit Panjang In Bukit Panjang the youthful Malay population reflects a high YDR but a comparatively lower ODR. The general literacy rate of the district is high however; it has not influenced the overall mindset of the women. Total population of the district is 139,030 as per the study reports of 2015. Among the population 22,230 are of Malay ethnic background. In Malay community, the number of women has increased in recent years (Nwabichie, Manaf Ismail, 2018). Total 63% of the population are women, among which the literacy rate is 43% approximately. Among the total population 31% are young women who are more vulnerable to cervical cancer (Muhamad et al. 2015). Potential community strength and weaknesses In Singapore the population of 2.41 million women, aged 15 years to 56 years have been considered to be at risk of cervical cancer. In the country considering the Malay community, every year more than 100 Malay women are diagnosed with cervical cancer among whom more than 50 people die (Muhamad et al. 2015). It is important to assess the risk of the community of being affected of the disease. In this regards, it is important to note that over 3% of Malay women in the general population are prone to HPV. As per the vulnerability of the community is concerned more than 30% women of the community are younger, as the younger women are prone to cervical cancer. It is an important fact that more than half of the cervical cancer victims are diagnosed in women under the age of 45. Approximately 12 types of HPV are considered to be at high risk in the cervix cancer. For most of the people the immune system, that clears the HPV infection within 2 years. However, in Malay women, the community have a long lasting or persistent infection that indicates high risk type of HPV (Maharajan, Rajiah, Fang Lui, 2017). Another important factor that requires mentioning is the lifestyle of the community. As the literacy rate of the community is increasing, the number of working women are increasing. Urbanization and workplace related stress has been considered to be one of the chief weaknesses. The tendency of safer sex is one of the strengths of the community. Vaccines also help in preventing HPV (Malhotra, Bilger, Liu Finkelstein, 2016). In Singapore girls, aged 12-14 are not provided with the vaccines that help in protecting them against cervical cancer. Smoking tobacco is another factor that increases the risk of getting affected with cervical cancer. The risk increases with the increased rate of tobacco consumption. This particular community does not indulge into smoking tobacco (Keough, Bleakley, White Zahra, 2016). This can be considered as one of the community strengths. Apart from tobacco consumption, use of contraceptive pills also increases the chance of cervical cancer. However, this particular community has higher rate of consumption of contraceptive pills especially in working women. The community has lower level of hereditary tendency of cervical cancer. Contribution of the strengths and weaknesses in the communitys health The major weaknesses that have been identified to be the causes against their vulnerability towards cervical cancer. One of the most significant community weaknesses that have been identified is the unavailability of vaccination among the pupils that helps in protecting the female Malay community from Cervical cancer (Choo et al. 2016). Apart from that, it is important that the community indulge more into protected sex rather than consuming contraceptive pills. The women of Malay community are not informed enough regarding the cervical cancer and the required preventive steps. It is important for them to be aware of the difficulties and the necessary of Pap Smear testing on a regular basis for the detection of the disease at an early stage. Brief discussion of cervical cancer Cervical cancer emerges due to the abnormal growth of the cells that are capable of invading to other parts of the body. One of the risk factors of the disease is that no early symptom is seen in the initial stage of the disease (Choo et al, 2016). The disease can be chronic if it is diagnosed at the later stage and most of the women affected of the lethal disease are mostly due to unhealthy lifestyle and lack of knowledge regarding the disease. Conclusion In the light of the above study, it needs to be stated that in Malay community for decreasing the growth of cervical cancer it is important for the community to undertake necessary steps for early detection of the disease. Apart from in order to effectively inform the female population of the district of the necessity of Pap Smear in order to prevent Cervical cancer at an early stage, community programmes and support platforms can be arranged. References Choo, B. A., Koh, V., Tang, J., Low, J., Stephenson, M. C., Cheong, D. H., ... Roy, S. (2016). 324P Radiation response assessment by hybrid positron emission tomography/magnetic resonance imaging for cervical cancer treatment.Annals of Oncology,27(suppl_9). Available at: https://academic.oup.com/annonc/article/27/suppl_9/mdw585.028/2919742 Choo, B. A., Lee, Z. W., Zhao, W., Wang, X., Ng, J., Low, J., Deng, L. W. (2016). 326P Biomarker discovery for early prediction of therapy resistance in cervical cancers.Annals of Oncology,27(suppl_9). Available at: https://academic.oup.com/annonc/article/27/suppl_9/mdw585.030/2919745 Keough, W., Bleakley, L., White, L., Zahra, M. (2016). EP-1968: Vaginal mucosal doses in the treatment of cervical cancer using HDR brachytherapy.Radiotherapy and Oncology,119, S932-S933. Available at: https://www.thegreenjournal.com/article/S0167-8140(16)33219-4/abstract Malhotra, C., Bilger, M., Liu, J., Finkelstein, E. (2016). Barriers to Breast and Cervical Cancer Screening in Singapore: a Mixed Methods Analysis.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention,17(8), 3887-3895. Available at: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/6006/f210c637032f4830e67ccf985d971aa4a47e.pdf Maharajan, M. K., Rajiah, K., Fang, K. N. S., Lui, L. Y. (2017). Cervical cancer prevention in Malaysia: Knowledge and attitude of undergraduate pharmacy students towards Human Papillomavirus infection, screening and vaccination in Malaysia.Journal of Cancer Education,32(1), 166-174. Available at: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13187-015-0957-2 Muhamad, N. A., Kamaluddin, M. A., Adon, M. Y., Noh, M. A., Bakhtiar, M. F., Ibrahim Tamim, N. S., ... Aris, T. (2015). Survival rates of cervical cancer patients in Malaysia.Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention: APJCP,16(7), 3067-72. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Faizal_Bakhtiar/publication/274726291_Survival_Rates_of_Cervical_Cancer_Patients_in_Malaysia/links/59da09e30f7e9b12b36d7b80/Survival-Rates-of-Cervical-Cancer-Patients-in-Malaysia.pdf Nwabichie, C. C., Manaf, R. A., Ismail, S. B. (2018). Factors Affecting Uptake of Cervical Cancer Screening Among African Women in Klang Valley, Malaysia.Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention: APJCP,19(3), 825. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Rosliza_Manaf/publication/324006342_Factors_Affecting_Uptake_of_Cervical_Cancer_Screening_Among_African_Women_in_Klang_Valley_Malaysia/links/5ab88a3caca2722b97cf9e81/Factors-Affecting-Uptake-of-Cervical-Cancer-Screening-Among-African-Women-in-Klang-Valley-Malaysia.pdf Sheikh, S. A., Simbak, N. B., Ismail, S. B., Rahman, N. I. A., Rebuan, H. M. A., Dali, W. P. E. W., Haque, M. (2015). A Pilot Survey of Awareness and Knowledge of Human Papillomavirus (HPV), Cervical Cancer and HPV Vaccine among Men and Women Attending for HPV Vaccination in Terengganu, Malaysia.Int J Pharm Sci Rev Res,31(2), 242-246. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mainul_Haque2/publication/275410646_A_Pilot_Survey_of_Awareness_and_Knowledge_of_Human_Papillomavirus_HPV_Cervical_Cancer_and_HPV_Vaccine_among_Men_and_Women_Attending_for_HPV_Vaccination_in_Terengganu_Malaysia/links/553c72a60cf2c415bb0b2d5a/A-Pilot-Survey-of-Awareness-and-Knowledge-of-Human-Papillomavirus-HPV-Cervical-Cancer-and-HPV-Vaccine-among-Men-and-Women-Attending-for-HPV-Vaccination-in-Terengganu-Malaysia.pdf