Operation AI and Machine Learning

Principle of operation AI and Machine learning and how it could affect the futureInvestigationI am very interested in Computer science and programming. That is why my goal for this project is to research about AI and Machine learning(neural networks) and find out how it can affect in the future and how is it affecting now. I have chosen this project because in the future i want to become a programmist and study this topic. My computer science and ICT classes provide me knowledge to do this project. There i learn to code and program, which can help me to understand the functions of AI.AI (Artificial Intelligence) is intelligence displayed by machines. It was created to solve problems that people cannot solve. It is not discovered fully yet, but it is one of the priorities of technology world nowadays. Today, AI(Machine learning nowadays) is used in a variety of spheres: Virtual Personal Assistants, Predictions while Commuting, Email Spam and Malware Filtering, Online Customer Support . The most famous and helpful specific examples are to see patterns in any spheres. Logical Plan: StepDescriptionQualityControl Date Start – End1Research about AI.Effectively analyse and evaluate a wide range of source/data in terms of origin and purpose, recognizing values and limitations.Synthesizes information to make valid, well-supported arguments1 Dec, 2017 – 10 Jan, 20182Research how it change our life now.Effectively analyse and evaluate a wide range of source/data in terms of origin and purpose, recognizing values and limitations.Synthesizes information to make valid, well-supported arguments1 Dec, 2017 – 10 Jan, 20183Research how other people(powerful) responded about AI.Effectively analyse and evaluate a wide range of source/data in terms of origin and purpose, recognizing values and limitations.Synthesizes information to make valid, well-supported arguments1 Dec, 2017 – 10 Jan, 20184What AI can cause in the future.Effectively analyse and evaluate a wide range of source/data in terms of origin and purpose, recognizing values an d limitations.Synthesizes information to make valid, well-supported arguments1 Dec, 2017 – 15 Jan, 20185During 1-4 steps write in the final report.Effectively analyse and evaluate a wide range of source/data in terms of origin and purpose, recognizing values and limitations.Synthesizes information to make valid, well-supported arguments1 Dec, 2017 – 15 Jan, 20186Analyse all 1-5 steps and information in it and write conclusion.Thoroughly interpret a range of different perspectives and their implications.Synthesizes information to make valid, well-supported argumentsJan 15, 2018 – Jan 25, 20187Correct all report and check grammar and information mistakes.Effectively analyse and evaluate a wide range of source/data in terms of origin and purpose, recognizing values and limitations.Thoroughly interpret a range of different perspectives and their implications.Synthesizes information to make valid, well-supported arguments   Jan 25, 2018– Jan 30, 2018EssayAI or artificial intelligence is the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. Nowadays AI is something that people wants to create, some of them spend their personal money to reach this goal. The best example of this is Elon Musk, he is an awesome engineer, he has a lot of companies that create something new and essential, always make a really huge step in science. Today AI is a goal that all world wants to reach, but what they are creating and developing now is Machine Learning Systems. Now machine learning helps us a lot. All big corporations are trying to put it into more parts of the company. In the future, if someone creates AI, it will take all jobs from the people, because AI is a person, but not in the human body. But before AI, Machine learning will develop a lot, so it will take some jobs, but not all, actually jobs that should do something with the same operations or the hard process that needs a lot of energy.Amazon one of the biggest company that is trying to create AI. Amazon Machine Learning platform provides companies with the ability to predict and find patterns using data. Additionally, Amazon Echo brings artificial intelligence into the home through the intelligent voice server, Alexa. Also, our favorite company Apple is trying to create AI. Apple has acquired four artificial intelligence startups within the past two years, demonstrating its big step into the artificial intelligence sphere. Siri, Apple's virtual assistant, has transformed over the years from being a fairly simple voice assistant to being a fully-fledged digital assistant. But still it's not AI, it's just Machine Learning system. About Elon Musk, he has 2 companies that have relationship with AI, first is OpenAI, this company is trying to create Artificial Intelligence. And the company that works with it is Neuralink, this company is creating software to merge people with it. Also creating a device for this.Nowadays all big corporations are trying to put as much Machine Learning as they can, they do it because it can help people a lot. This one takes place in everyday people's life, it's personal assistant, like Siri, Cortana, Alice, so they all are doing the same and the big advantage of using Machine Learning is that people don't need to write each step that product should make because it learns by itself. If we take Siri as an example, we will see that in the first year Siri wasn't really confident with answers, with its voice, but it took some time for Siri to study from the people's respond and we can see how Siri is answering our questions, it almost every time perfect, but it still learning, actually it could make intonation it a quiet good manner, but as I told it still learning. Also, Google is giving Machine Learning to anyone who need it, it's picture search, it find the major parts of the picture and using it, trying to find the same one, but with the text and information about it. As well it analyzes what you're searching, so next time it could give you the best information that you need. So again we can see that Machine Learning system is learning by itself from us. And one of the most important for humans lives is Security. If you've flown on an airplane or attended a big public event lately, you almost certainly had to wait in long security screening lines. But machine learning is proving that it can be an asset to help eliminate false alarms and spot things human screeners might miss in security screenings at airports, stadiums, concerts, and other venues. That can speed up the process significantly and ensure safer events. Also, security can be electronic money security. Machine learning is getting better and better at spotting potential cases of fraud across many different fields. Paypal, for example, is using machine learning to fight money laundering. The company has tools that compare millions of transactions and can precisely distinguish between legitimate and fraudulent transactions between buyers and sellers. Also Data security for example company Kaspersky. Their learning model has no problem with the 2–10% variations and can predict which files are malware with great accuracy. In other situations, machine learning algorithms can look for patterns in how data in the cloud is accessed, and report anomalies that could predict security breaches. There are 2 opinions about future of AI, one of them is that it's very dangerous and another one will help people. Here is one of them: Autonomous weapons are artificial intelligence systems that are programmed to kill. In the hands of the wrong person, these weapons could easily cause mass casualties. Moreover, an AI arms race could inadvertently lead to an AI war that also results in mass casualties. To avoid being thwarted by the enemy, these weapons would be designed to be extremely difficult to simply â€Å"turn off,† so humans could plausibly lose control of such a situation. This risk is one that's present even with narrow AI but grows as levels of AI intelligence and autonomy increase. Here is another one: Artificial intelligence and the science of robotics can be put to use in mining and other fuel exploration processes. Not only that, these complex machines can be used for exploring the ocean floor and hence overcome the human limitations.Due to the programming of the robots, they can perform more laborious and hard work with greater responsibility. Moreover, they do not wear out easily. Machines, unlike humans, do not require frequent breaks and refreshments. They are programmed for long hours and can continuously perform without getting bored or distracted or even tired.The principle of operations Machine Learning Systems is that it learns and analyze information by itself. But yet nobody can exact tell operation of AI because nobody created it, but a lot wants to. AI is a basic human, but not in the human body. So in my opinion people will need to create more rules and pressure and control levers to control AI. Machine learning is developing now and take really big steps to develop it and create AI. The big corporation is fully engaged in process of creating and using AI. AI could affect future in different ways, but still, nobody knows how it still all about teaching it properly like a child.Development of skills:When I started doing the project, I had critical thinking skills such as interpreting data, formulating factual and topical questions and revising understanding based on new information. Through the project, I developed such critical thinking skills as evaluating evidence and arguments, drawing reasonable conclusions and generations from the information I was getting during by research in books, internet sources and knowledge that I've got on the conferences.I also had communication and social skills which are using appropriate forms of writing for different purposes, participating in digital social media networks and collaborating with peers and experts. I developed the communication skills such as giving and receiving meaningful feedback and using a variety of speaking techniques to communicate with variety of audiences while summarising the information and writing a final version of my essay.

Global Warming (Cause and Effects)

GLOBAL WARMING Since the late 19th century Earth’s atmosphere and oceans have been getting warmer. According to a research by America’s Climate Choices the average temperature of Earth’s surface increased by about 0. 8 Â °C over the past 100 years. There are a lot of causes of global warming. The causes can be split up into two groups’ natural causes and man-made causes. Natural causes occur without the effect of humans. There are two natural causes one of them is the earth goes through a cycle of climate change that lasts about 40. 00 years. The other cause is release of methane gas from some part of the earth. Man-made causes are the biggest affection of global warming. According to National Geographic, there are several greenhouse gases responsible for warming and humans emit them in a variety of ways. Pollution is the one of the biggest man-made problems. Pollution occurs in many ways. For example, burning fossil fuels, when fossil fuels are burned th ey give off a kind of greenhouse gas. Another major man-made cause is population. More people mean more food.And to provide more food, fossil fuels are used more often. And more people mean more transportation. This is one of the biggest problem increasing use of fossil fuel. Global warming has observable effects on environment. There are a lot of effects for example: -Ice is melting worldwide. -Sea level rise became faster over the last century. According to the NASA effects that scientists had predicted in the past would result from global climate change are now occurring for example: loss of sea ice, accelerated sea level rise and longer, more intense heat waves.And if warming continuous, other effects could happen, for instance: -Hurricanes and other storms are likely to become stronger. -Ecosystems will change, some species will become extinct. -Less fresh water will be available. -Floods and droughts will become more common. So, we can contribute to this global cause with pers onal actions. Our individual efforts are especially significant. We can help immediately by becoming more energy efficient. Reducing our use of oil, gasoline and coal also sets an example for others to follow. Global Warming (Cause and Effects) GLOBAL WARMING Since the late 19th century Earth’s atmosphere and oceans have been getting warmer. According to a research by America’s Climate Choices the average temperature of Earth’s surface increased by about 0. 8 Â °C over the past 100 years. There are a lot of causes of global warming. The causes can be split up into two groups’ natural causes and man-made causes. Natural causes occur without the effect of humans. There are two natural causes one of them is the earth goes through a cycle of climate change that lasts about 40. 00 years. The other cause is release of methane gas from some part of the earth. Man-made causes are the biggest affection of global warming. According to National Geographic, there are several greenhouse gases responsible for warming and humans emit them in a variety of ways. Pollution is the one of the biggest man-made problems. Pollution occurs in many ways. For example, burning fossil fuels, when fossil fuels are burned th ey give off a kind of greenhouse gas. Another major man-made cause is population. More people mean more food.And to provide more food, fossil fuels are used more often. And more people mean more transportation. This is one of the biggest problem increasing use of fossil fuel. Global warming has observable effects on environment. There are a lot of effects for example: -Ice is melting worldwide. -Sea level rise became faster over the last century. According to the NASA effects that scientists had predicted in the past would result from global climate change are now occurring for example: loss of sea ice, accelerated sea level rise and longer, more intense heat waves.And if warming continuous, other effects could happen, for instance: -Hurricanes and other storms are likely to become stronger. -Ecosystems will change, some species will become extinct. -Less fresh water will be available. -Floods and droughts will become more common. So, we can contribute to this global cause with pers onal actions. Our individual efforts are especially significant. We can help immediately by becoming more energy efficient. Reducing our use of oil, gasoline and coal also sets an example for others to follow.

The Advantages and Disadvantages on the Chinese Market Term Paper

The Advantages and Disadvantages on the Chinese Market - Term Paper Example Further on the development of external trade in China is seen by analysts as an extremely positive trend. China has already outrun Japan to become the third largest merchandise trading country right after the USA and Germany. â€Å"Merchandise exports rose by 35.4%, with production at foreign-funded enterprises estimated at about 58% of exports. Merchandise imports grew by 36.0%† (Asian Development Bank, 2005, p.20). China’s participation in WTO was followed by political reforms of reducing import tariffs and removing non-tariff barriers. All these trends along with strong domestic and external demand make China extremely attractive as an opportunity to invest funds. Positive general economic trends have also influenced the pharmaceutical industry of China. The analysis of performance in 2004 has shown that â€Å"China's pharmaceutical industry continued to maintain a momentum of steady growth, achieving a stable rise in both output and sales revenues. Exports maintained a stable growth and there was a continuous improvement in the industry's international competitiveness† (Research in China, 2005). Chemical preparation industry has showed the greatest uptrend among the industry segments, while the raw chemical material industry grew slowly. Overall tendencies of 2004 indicate the shift from the race for greater market shares to more complex and comprehensive competition based on various factors. While the evaluation of recent performance of Chinese pharmaceutical industry has shown a considerable positive momentum, the forecast for this industry are even more optimistic. Despite the challenge of operating in China, it is the fastest growing pharmaceutical market, rising by 28% in 2004, versus 7% global growth. It is currently the ninth largest pharmaceutical market but at current growth rates China is likely to overtake Germany and France by 2015. (Business Insights, 2005) The government of China has realised the importance of pharmaceutical industry to the national economy and has taken pharmaceutics under central planning. Initiated reforms have influenced the pharmaceutical industry positively.

Decision Making in the Military Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Decision Making in the Military - Essay Example There are other aspects of decision making in the military that can be solely considered as the art of war; such as effective leadership, intricacies of given operations and the ambiguity relative to enemy actions. The decision making process in the military has been chosen to be discussed in this paper because it is considered as an entirely analytical approach towards solving problems. Main Body Strategic decisions in the army are considered to be non routine because routine decisions in regard to effectively managing resources as per established processes and clearly defined plans relate to the technical functions of management. Routine decisions are mostly made by middle level managers or supervisors having the required authority for initiating such actions. But non routine decisions relate to adaptive work whereby senior leadership has to look into the broader implication of the given situation, take active roles in describing the issue, effectively examine the possible solution s and eventually decide about the course of action. In this context, the United States Army War College (USAWC) has defined strategic leadership as the process that impacts the â€Å"achievement of a desirable and clearly understood vision by influencing the organizational culture, allocating resources, directing through policy and directive, and building consensus† (Allen and Coates, 2009, p.4). The commander is always responsible for the decision making process in his unit and takes decisions about that will be done in every situation. The plan depends upon clearly articulating the visualization of the battlefield. The commander plans, prepares for and executes the operations. From the beginning to the end his personal involvement is crucial because his focused participation proves to be a guiding factor for staff. With the help of his staff, the commander explores all possibilities and the probable enemy course of action while analyzing and comparing his unit’s abil ity with that of the enemy. The staff has to integrate information on a collective basis by adopting high levels of technical competence for assisting the commander in his decision making process with the objective of achieving efficient outcomes (Snowden and Boone, 2007). In both the military and business organizations, decision making is a crucial element of management and wrong choices can immensely harm the planned objectives. Military commanders and business leaders need to make decisions by avoiding common biases in arriving at and implementing ethical and sound decisions. In defense establishments, a major challenge has been to manage the impact of the current organizational culture on the practices and standards of decision making. According to the Harvard Business School’s guidance on decision making processes, â€Å"A command and control culture tends to make decisions in line with the preferences of powerful individuals. No matter how well informed they may be â⠂¬ ¦ every decision is ad hoc and there is no consistent approach to dealing with important choices† (Harvard Business Essentials, 2006, p.6). It cannot be said that all defense establishments are characterized with a culture of command and control, but there is a need to be in the know of risks associated with the creation of such an environment. Military command

Early christians Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Early christians - Essay Example The creation of Islamic territories through the expansion of the Arab Empire enhanced the rapid spread of the Islam globally (Goddard, 1995). The region spoke a single language with the Arab missionaries enhancing the spread of both the Arab language and the culture, Sufis who were among the main missionaries in the religion interacted with the local population thereby teaching them about the faith. The spread of the Ottoman Empire coupled with the infusion of Islam in economic activities enhanced the rapid spread of the religion. In short, Islam spread rapidly since it occurred holistically. The spread of the Arab empire introduced new economic systems in the region. As the people engaged in trading, they traded the Islamic values. Such was not the case with Christianity. Christianity coexisted with secular states and remained limited to particular dictates of the faith. Furthermore, some dictates of the religion subjected the people to exploitation thereby causing major resistance to the spread of the faith and later enhanced the formation of the

Sustainability issues in providing Healthcare Services at Nicaragua Research Paper - 1

Sustainability issues in providing Healthcare Services at Nicaragua Canal Project - Research Paper Example However, the healthcare project in Nicaraguan canal and its rated issues has provoked Sustainability and Corporate Social Responsibility expertise to design health management program that proactively identifies its associated issues. Therefore, marketing, environmental management and human resources issues are identified within the organization Capacity Building, Corporate Social Responsibility and Sustainability in order to initiate and implement mitigation measures. Analysis presented in this paper is helpful in understanding sustainability and health care services in relation to Nicaraguan canal development. Further analysis in this paper uncovers the entire organization dilemma, issues and concepts or approaches used to tackle in tackling all the related issues in relation to HCSS developers, locals and Federal Government agencies. In details, the paper explores and explains the Nicaraguan environmental issues exposing out the significance of the government structure and the corporate social responsibilities and the theories generated to support the arguments. Based on international context for sustainability, capacity building and Corporate Social Responsibility the paper critically evaluates the impacts of environmental implications in relation to the Nicaraguan environmental issues as well as business growth. As Nicaraguan healthcare program experiences foundational dilemmas from different components of marketing, environmental management to human resources dilemmas, environmental or operational management dilemmas are most critical dilemma that faces the Health care services program. The organizational dilemmas are identified as the core corporate responsibilities that function against the sustainability role in a government structure or non-profitable business providing a reliable tension between environment benefits and the societal deliveries. Conversely, as the

Writing a response letter to the author Assignment

Writing a response letter to the author - Assignment Example The response to my letter was welcome, and I appreciate your concern regarding editing your article. I took note of the points you highlighted about the proposals I made in my previous letter. Consequently, aspects about changing the font to one uniform one will be done away with in the editing to conform to the magazines requirements.  Another point I took note of regards the use of bullets and numbering. On this, I would still consider using bullets for the technique in discussion and numbers for the steps involved in that technique. This is because bullets are for single unrelated points while numbers are for a chronology of related ideas. Nonetheless, I would still appreciate your guidance on the matter as your views are principal in the matter.  The other changes that involve the spacing between paragraphs are to remain in the revised draft in order that the article looks more readable and well structured. This is because a well structured article appeals more to a reader th an even a well written one (Cargill & O’Connor 25). Alternatively, your guidance on the matter is still highly welcome.   Despite all these, I appreciate your response on the matter and look forward to hearing from you soon. Your cooperation in the subject of editing your article is highly esteemed and I am willing to effect any changes you will authorize. On this, I would still consider using bullets for the technique in discussion and numbers for the steps involved in that technique. This is because bullets are for single unrelated points.

Liability insurance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Liability insurance - Essay Example A nurse having this insurance is important because for every act or service provided there is a liability attached to it. This comes about when one neither is he or she a private contractor nor employed for the job (Catolico, 2014). The employer’s malpractice insurance only covers when one is in the position as an employee and this is the instance a person can be responsible when he or she makes a decision beyond employment scope (Catolico, 2014). This insurance package covers voluntary and off job services in cases of emergency (Catolico, 2014). For instance, a neighbor’s child falls sick and since one is a nurse, the parent of the affected will seek the nurse’s opinion. This prompts one respond by either giving a recommendation or treating the child because he or she is nurse (Catolico, 2014). The moment one helps as a nurse then the patient-nurse relationship forms, onwards, the practitioner is responsible for every decision he or she makes regarding the patient’s wellbeing. This is not to discourage but to inform a person of one’s scope as a nurse, which should not bar him or she stop helping voluntarily. It is of importance to have own malpractice insurance that covers those times of the day when one is off duty but have to respond and take action as a nurse. Catolico, Ruthe. (2014). Malpractice Insurance: Do I need it? National Association of Pediatric Nurse Practitioners. Accessed on September 26, 2014 from

Why did the First Crusade erupt Essay Example for Free

Why did the First Crusade erupt Essay The First Crusade was a monumental event of the 11th century, where thousands of ordinary people took up the cross to make the extremely long and perilous journey to Jerusalem to fight the ‘other’; the Muslim threat. Inspired by extreme devotion to God and His church, people made this decision based on a single speech. Jonathan Philips argues that Pope Urban II’s speech in 1095 had managed to draw together a number of key concerns and trends, synthesising them into a â€Å"single, highly popular idea†, which led to the First Crusade. Described often as an ambitious politician, it is certain that the Pope intended this to happen, for various motives, and his audience were ready consumers of the information he proclaimed to them. Pope Urban’s motives for his iconic speech in Clermont were largely restorative and ambitious. He wanted to restore Papal authority in the East, towards the Mediterranean, by recapturing the place known as the centre of the world, Jerusalem. The Holy Land had been taken from them 400 years earlier, so it would be fair to agree with Asbridge that the situation â€Å"hadn’t deteriorated significantly in the years before 1095†. It can be argued that the Pope was recycling old events, dressing them in inflammatory language to create the â€Å"explosive material† he needed. Following in the footsteps of his ambitious predecessor Pope Gregory VII, he wanted to establish himself as the greatest leader in Europe; emphasising his papal role as God’s representative on Earth; above mere kings or emperors. The act of commanding great forces of the people of Europe for a single cause would demonstrate this kind of power. It would also act as a kind of unifying force for Europe that was fractured since the Great Schism of 1054, an event which undermined the Pope’s authority. The schism created the rival body to the Pope; the Greek Orthodox church, seated in the great Byzantine Empire. Pope Urban’s source material for his speech which caused the eruption of the First Crusade came from a plea. Preceding the eruption of the First Crusade, its new young leader Alexios I was in trouble, and improving relations between the two old rival Churches made him able to request help from Urban II in 1095. Seemingly attacked from all sides, Alexios had sought the help from mercenaries to help with the first of his problems, the Pagans in the North. In 1082 the Pope helped him stall Norman insurgents, although typhoid was a better eradicator of the threat they posed to Alexios. However the greatest  of his problems lay in the militant Seljuk Turks, new Muslim converts who were swiftly taking East Byzantine and swiftly crushed the limited Byzantine forces at the Battle of Manzikert. For this threat Alexios needed a greater force than he could muster. In March 1095 he sent envoys to interrupt a papal council in Paicenza, asking for the Pope to send aid to help the Muslim threat in Asia Minor. He also exaggerated the threat facing him, as although it was â€Å"serious, it was not necessarily as catastrophic as Alexios depicted it at the Council†. Therefore when Urban gave is speech, it was under the premise of passing on Alexios’ message to the people of Western Europe, so it was twice exaggerated, making it more sensational and causing the eruption of the First Crusade. It can be argued that Alexios’ request was not the most important factor as it was merely a tool used by Urban to fit in with his own agenda. If it had not occurred Urban could still have relied on historical skirmishes with Islam over the Holy Land, inflaming them enough to seem an urgent responsibility. Whilst Urban may have had his own personal motives, and these may have conveniently coincided with the Byzantine crisis to create a compelling argument, this alone would never have caused the eruption of the First Crusade if it hadn’t been for the fanatical reaction garnered from the people. This was because of the extremely important religious factor, the centuries-old medieval phenomena which Urban was not totally responsible for. It may be difficult for contemporary audiences to fully understand that total, unconditional, and unquestioning faith in God and religion â€Å"knitted every human together in Western Europe†, as Asbridge put it. The rituals of the Church dictated the rhythm of everyone’s lives, and doctrine of the Church was of ultimate importance as it represented the key to heaven. Medieval introspective and sin-obsessed societies focused on this end goal. Sin was feared but still was a common occurence, particularly in a society where violence was normalised. Penance, or absolution of sin, was the answer, and whilst standard Confession with a priest was thought of as being sufficient for more minor (venial) sins, the ultimate act of penitence was undoubtedly the Pilgrimage. In a largely allegorical, illiterate culture, the pilgrimage was shown to have magical qualities. In a world where the lines between the figurative and literal blurred, for some there was little distinction between the Holy Land and heaven itself. Urban indicated eternal bliss as  near guarantee as a result of this crusade. The more dangerous, the more sacrificial it was, the more devotion was shown to God, worthy of reward. However this strong religious culture alone would not have caused the eruption of the First Crusade; without a world leader with his well-heard message of God’s calling the fractured peoples of Europe would not have been able to organise on that scale. In conclusion I would argue that Pope Urban was the primary cause of the eruption of the First Crusade. His â€Å"rousing sermon† was very cleverly calculated to manipulate the vulnerable masses to the greatest extent possible, demonstrating the power of emotive rhetoric. The religious culture was one that existed many centuries before the event, and conflicts like the one experienced by Alexios were not uncommon. Instead it was Pope Urban, the politician, who tied these two factors together, if not for the benefit for his Church, then for his career. Bibliography Phillips, J. (2002). The Crusades, 1095-1197. 1st ed. Pearson Education. Jones, T. Crusades. (1995). BBC. Riley-Smith, J. (2014). The Crusades: A History. 3rd ed. London: Bloomsbury Academic. Purser, T. (2009). The First Crusade and the Crusader States 1073-1192. 1st ed. Oxford: Heinemann Notes

Association football and soccer Essay Example for Free

Association football and soccer Essay In this soccer essay we will discuss soccer. Soccer (also called football) is the most popular kind of sports in the world. It is more than 2000 years old. Other sources say it is more than 3000 years old. The earliest forms of soccer existed in 1004 B.C. in Japan and in 50 B.C.in China. Japanese kicked a small round ball. Chinese filled heir leather ball with hair. It is known that Romans played a game that was similar to soccer. However, English Kings and Queens did not favor the game. In the UK, it was forbidden for many centuries until the beginning of the 19th century. Soccer essayIn such articles as this one, you must offer all basic information about the subject, explain the rules if it is a game and look back into history of the subject. However, it is not enough to write a good paper. You need to know the rules of writing such papers. Our online service can help you with your writing and provide you with essays of the highest quality. Like every game, soccer has rules. Now, in the soccer essay, we will discuss the rules. The game is played by two teams in a big field covered with grass. Each team consists of eleven players. Their object is to score the ball into the opponent’s goal. The rules are not difficult. The main rule states that it is forbidden to touch the ball with hands or arms (only the goalie can do it, he defends the goal). Also, players of different teams must not push or hit each other. The game is judged by the referee. There are goals at the opposite ends of the soccer field. The field has a goal box and a penalty box. Soccer players’ uniform consists of team jersey, shorts, socks, cleats, and shin guards. Every team has uniforms of different colors. Usually, the colors represent the country they play for. The World Cup is the most famous soccer championship. It is held every four years. Teams from many countries of the world compete with each other, and millions of people around the world watch the game on television at that time. It is a very competitive kind of sports that is why it is interesting to watch it. Soccer is popular with children as well. Boys around the world play soccer at  their free time. This game is healthy because it involves much running. Nonetheless, it causes traumas sometimes. Soccer has simple rules; however, it is a difficult game. It is a highly strategic game that requires logical thinking, quick reaction and endurance as it is necessary to run without a rest for a long time. Players have different roles in the team. There are forwards who attack and score goals. There are defenders who help to defend the goal. The goalkeeper can touch the ball inside the goalie’s box. In this soccer essay, we discussed the game of soccer, presented basic information about it and explained its rules. Also, we considered the history of this most popular game in the world.

Critique of Utilitarianism Theory

Critique of Utilitarianism Theory Utilitarianism as an independent ethical position only arose in the eighteenth century however fundamental utilitarian ideas can be found in the thoughts of philosophers such as Aristotle. It is a philosophical theory of morality or how one should act which has historical roots within the liberal tradition. The aim of utilitarianism is to make decisions on the basis of a calculation of consequences. As a moral theory, There are however many critiques of utilitarianism which vary as they have different reasons and different targets due to the fact utilitarianism isnt a single coherent theory but a cluster of related theories which have developed throughout the years. In this essay I will be explaining some of the problems with utilitarianism as a theory and discussing whether these problems are insurmountable, for which I think they are. As a theory, utilitarianism is usually thought to start with Jeremy Bentham, however, similar ideas were evident in the writings of David Hume in An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals (1)and Francis Hutchinson, whom David Hume studied under, in his An Inquiry into the Original of Our Ideas of Beauty and Virtue (2). Utilitarianism tells us an act is moral insofar as it creates the greatest good for the greatest number. It tells us to take the amount of happiness distributed between sentient beings and look at which distribution is going to maximise the amount of happiness. It gives a systematic answer. Throughout the past two centuries utilitarianism has been very influential within practical disciplines of politics and economics. As a result, utilitarianism has had an influence modern life, particularly public policy. What could be more important when making political deliberations than aiming to make peoples lives better and less unhappy? One of the first utilitarian theorisers, Jeremy Bentham, is famously credited for being the founder of the doctrine. Bentham defined utility as instrumental to happiness. He believes that all judgements of good and bad can be based on pleasure and pain. He is seen as an advocate of psychological hedonism. In his famous introduction of An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation (1979), Bentham states Nature has placed man under the governance of two sovereign masters, pain and pleasure. Therefore, pain and pleasure provide the basis for his moral theory of what we ought to do. Initially, he began his career by studying law and then moved on to moral ethics in order to advise legislators. He was primarily interested in improving the law and his goal for the legislator was the utilitarian principle or the greatest happiness principle. Therefore, his advice was not initially aimed for individuals and their life choices but for the legislator. Although Bentham sees pleasu re as the key of explaining how human beings act, he relies more often on the concept of pain when constructing his legal theory. While he does endorse act-utilitarianism, his sanction-based theory of obligation is more applicable to the legal system he was so interested in improving. John Stuart Mill is also one of the most well-known utilitarian thinkers and defenders of the theory. His celebrated thoughts can be found in his famous essay: Utilitarianism. Mill observes something of a crisis in moral thinking. Philosophical thinkers have been unable to come to a consensus on the principle of what constitutes right and wrong. Mill argues that having such a foundation is necessary to legitimise morality. This is why the theory of utilitarianism is so important. Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill categorise and measure utility and pleasure in different ways. Bentham uses the hedonic calculus which decides the value of pleasure by seven measures of quantity: duration, intensity, certainty or uncertainty, remoteness or propinquity, fecundity, extent and purity. Bentham is well-known for his treating of all pleasures as of equal value. By this he means not that all pleasures are of exactly equal, but that the legislator who his work on utilitarianism is aimed at should not be valuing one pleasure above another. John Stuart Mill however saw pleasures in two categories higher and lower pleasures. A criticism of John Stuart Mills utilitarianism, and the first problem with the theory that I shall be addressing, is his categorisation of higher and lower pleasures. The difference between these pleasures is founded on sort and not degree, therefore this makes comparison of the consequence of actions far more difficult to calculate. Higher and lower pleasures cannot be measure or compared as they are of a different kind. How would Mills version of utilitarianism be applied in situations in which bother higher and lower pleasures are involved in the calculation? In relation to John Stuart Mills classification of higher and lower pleasures, a common criticism of simple versions of the theory such as Benthams utilitarianism is that they reduce the subtleties of human life to a stark calculation of animal-like pleasures, with no concern for how these pleasures are produced. This gave utilitarianism a bad name and it was often mocked as a doctrine only worthy of swine. (philosophy of the classics, mill utilitarianism). John Stuart Mill defends utilitarianism from such criticism with his version which differs from Jeremy Benthams simple version: Mills differentiation between higher and lower pleasures puts forward that intellectual pleasures are intrinsically more valuable that physical pleasures. Bentham however treats all pleasures as equal to each other. So, when utilitarianism is described as a doctrine worthy only of swine, Mill argues that it is better to be a dissatisfied human being than a satisfied pig; and better to be a dissatisfied So crates than a satisfied fool. His defence is that human beings are capable of intellectual pleasures as well as physical ones, whereas pigs cannot enjoy intellectual pleasures. In his view, humans who have experienced intellectual pleasures will prefer them to lower, physical ones. Those who still are lead astray by lower physical ones are falling for immediate sensual gratification, even though they know full well that higher, intellectual pleasures are more worthwhile. John Stuart Mils idea of higher and lower pleasures has been viewed as flawed in itself. It has been criticised as a self-serving idea. For example, an intellectual will view his preferred enjoyments as a higher, more important pleasure. Therefore, as an intellectual, it could be argued that Mill himself is biased towards what constitutes as higher and lower pleasures. A further and harsh criticism of utilitarianism is that the theory would justify slavery. This is as long as the slaves were happy or the overall happiness gained by the beneficiaries of the slavery was calculated as than the slaves unhappiness. Bentham fiercely denies this to be the case, as he argues that the choices of human beings give the best inclination of what makes humans happy, and slavery by definition is never a choice and therefore slaves can never be said to be happy. Bentham is also well known for his application of utilitarianism as the greatest happiness for the greatest number. This can subsequently be translated to mean that utilitarianism sacrifices the unfortunate few the powerful many. Therefore it has been argued by some that regarding the slavery example mentioned previously; if the vast economic benefits of slavery outweighed the unhappiness of the slaves then slavery is still favoured by utilitarianism. Bentham argues against this however as he claims the greatest happiness for the greatest number should be applied in a way that the interest of the powerless many should be more important than the interests of the powerful few. Another fundamental criticism of utilitarianism is that it ignores justice. A classic example of this criticism was given by H. J. McCloskey McCloskey, H.J. (1957) An Examination of Restricted Utilitarianism in The Philosophical Review, Vol. 66, No. 4 (Oct., 1957), pp. 466-485. If framing an innocent man for a crime that would reduce the further riots and pain that looking for the real guilty person would incur, utilitarian theory would suggest that this would be the optimal choice as although an innocent man will suffer, for a greater number of people less pain will be caused, incurring in a calculation of more pleasure overall. Therefore, if the sole aim of utilitarian theory is to maximise pleasure and reduce pain for the greater number, justice will be ignored in situations such as this example. Bentham however argues that it is a serious misrepresentation to say that utilitarians would be willing to ignore justice and punish an innocent man in the name of the greater good. ADD t o benthams defence. Another problem with utilitarianism is the impracticality of calculating the utility of actions in real time. The calculation of utility is said to be self-defeating as by the time the best utilitarian course of action has been calculated and decided, the opportunity to take this action may well have passed. How can one calculate which of all possible actions will maximise the most happiness overall. What if one is in a dilemma and has a decision to make quickly? In high pressure situations, one usually does not have time to sit down and make exact calculations regarding which decision will bring about the most happiness and minimise pain. Mill deflected this objection with the response that humans learn general moral principle though experience that can later be relied on in such situations. Exact calculations are not necessary for each situation in life as this would be impractical. In chapter 2 of his essay Utilitarianism, Mill replies to such criticism: In such circumstances, one should follow common-sense moral rules, which summarize lots of human experience, and tend to guide us toward actions that promote general happiness and away from actions that tend to dampen it. Also, one can cultivate habits and train individual character, so that people become disposed to act in ways that are happiness-promoting. I feel his reply is valid as utilitarianism as a theory is still in use when making decisions in ordinary situations without exact calculations. It is logical to assume common sense moral rules as guidance when making decisions without needing to apply exact calculations. A further problem of John Stuart Mills utilitarianism is that strict application of some utilitarian principles can result in unpalatable consequences. This has been argued by many of utilitarianism critics and there are plentiful examples of scenarios where consequences of utilitarianism being applied leads to unacceptable consequences. A great difficulty with utilitarianism is that for one to truly take on a core principle such as the greatest happiness for the greatest number, is very demanding. Everything action an individual undertakes would become a moral obligation to help a greater number of people. It requires the actor to be impartial regarding his own happiness and desires and focus neutrally on the happiness of others over one sown. as between his own happiness and that of others, utilitarianism requires him to be as strictly impartial as a disinterested and benevolent spectator. (jsmill utilitarianism chapter 2) What makes this so demanding is the excessive amount of strangers in need of help and the indefinite opportunities there are to make sacrifices to maximise their happiness. This is also a problem as there is no differentiation between helping your friends and family before complete strangers. For example, choosing to work excessively and earn as much money as possible to help those in poverty wou ld be the correct utilitarian choice as it does the most good for the most people. We would become charitable cogs and ignore our human nature to have personal leisure time for example and engage with our individual wants and needs. This ties in with the criticism of utilitarianism that it ignores individuality and individual rights which is a main topic of criticism. As a theory, utilitarianism cannot respect the rights of individuals mill defends. Taking into account John Stuart Mills defence, I personally do not think that utilitarianism looks at individuals as unique and groups people together without regard for their individuality. One would become a martyr for greater happiness, disregarding ones own, apparently less important wants, needs and desires. Utilitarian thinkers argue that the world would in fact be a much better place if we did live by principle. I disagree and feel that in this sense utilitarianism is overly demanding and has a lack of respect for individual righ ts. This is a key problem with the theory that I do not believe is insurmountable as it would deter individuals from engaging with the theory. Act-utilitarianism is too demanding Therefore critics of utilitarian argue this overly demanding theory would leave one with a life of hardship and austerity. Bernard Williams is an infamous critic of utilitarian theory. He states that we need a sense of integrity and commitments to justify any morality. He effectively argues that utilitarianism misses moral agency. His example of this problem with utilitarianism is the differentiation between an act and the consequence. It is hard to justify that the action rather than a possibly terrible consequence is what makes an action immoral. Too much egoistic weight is placed on personal actions. For example, the action of shooting someone with a gun rather than the victim dying is what is wrong with such a scenario for a utilitarian. Williams argues that we do not judge actions by their consequences and this notion of utilitarianism should be rejected no matter how plausible it may seem. Williams believes this way of judgement removes what it is to be human from the scenario. Moral decision should preserve our psychological identity and integrity. John Stuart Millss proof of utilitarianism has also come under constant criticism. His answer the question why maximise happiness? is controversial. Mills claim is that happiness is pursued as an end in itself and is the aim of all human activity. If someone claims that they pursue virtue as an end in itself, Mill argues that this is just an ingredient in their life of happiness and just a means leading to the same end: happiness, pleasure and the avoidance of pain. Virtue is just part of their happiness. So for Mill, the question of why maximise happiness? is in fact a question of why happiness is desirable. His analogous answer to this is that The only way we can prove an object is visible is by demonstrating that people can actually see it. Therefore the evidence that happiness is desirable is that people desire it. This evidence of proof has come under much criticism as it is argued by Henry Sidgwick that itis based on a bad argument. First of all he criticises the comparison of what is desirable and what is visible. Visible means can be seen however desirable doesnt actually translate to can be desired. In fact it is more correctly translated to mean should be desired. This weakness of John Stuart Mills analogy makes it hard to compare what people do desire to what people should desire. Therefore, his proof of happiness being desirable is based fully on bad argument. As the fundamental aim of utilitarianism is the maximise happiness, the fact that Mill has difficulty proving that happiness is what the people desire is a fundamental problem with the theory that I do not feel can be ignored. It is also argued that if John Stuart Mill had given a correct analogy, his argument would have lead to a selfish version of utilitarianism compared to the utilitarian approach that the greatest happiness for the greatest number its aim. In Mills example, individuals wanting their own personal happiness will add up to an aggregate happiness. Therefore, it is argued he needs a far stronger argument than his given analogy to prove that general happiness is what all people should aim for. It is clear that utilitarianism, although often considered a simple theory which declares that the morally right action in any circumstances is the one which is most likely to maximise happiness, is actually a very complex cluster of related theories which have developed rapidly since the 18th century. Throughout this time many features of utilitarianism have come under constant criticism and as a normative theory it has been widely accused of being unworkable. I do believe that utilitarianism has flaws which John Stuart Mill as the theorys key defender has been unable to explain adequately. A lot of Mills utilitarianism is defendable such as how he deals with the objection that the calculations are impractical. However some of his answers to criticism do not persuade me that the problems with utilitarianism are surmountable. I sympathise with the criticism that utilitarianism is overly demanding and following rule utilitarianism strictly would lead to a life of austerity and self-de nial. As a moral basis for some decision making I think utilitarianism could have use in society today, however, as moral theory I do not think that it upholds and the problems within it are insurmountable. The criticisms I have mention in this essay are not exhaustive.

The Enlightenment Essay -- History Historical French Essays

The Enlightenment Throughout Europe and the new American colonies in the 18th century there was a great movement in thought. This trend that preceded the French Revolution is known as the Enlightenment. Revolutionary writers and thinkers thought that the past held only darkness and ignorance, they began to question everything. Enlightened thought entered, or intruded, into all aspects of life in the 1700s. Governments were drastically reformed, art and literature changed in scope, religion was threatened, the study of science spread, nature was seen in a new light, and humanity evolved greatly. This new way of thinking was propelled by curiosity and observations of society and nature. The Enlightenment was a desire for human affairs to be guided by rationality rather than by faith, superstition, or revelation; a belief in the power of human reason to change society and liberate the individual from the restraints of custom or arbitrary authority; all backed up by a world view increasingly validated by science rather than by religion or tradition. 1 Several individuals have been credited and blamed for leading and contributing to the Enlightenment. These thinkers not only changed their views, but also spread revolutionary ideas to others. These philosophes, Evangelists of science, felt that it was their duty to open peoples’ eyes to new thought. They used every media available to them including word of mouth, pamphlets, letters, journals and books. Philosophes were tired of people accepting anything they were told, consequently a large opponent of the Enlightenment Era was the Church. Knowledge gained through observation of nature slowly replaced blindly accepted religious explanations. The Enlightenment wa... ...am, they could harness it with the steam engine. Thus, emerged the Industrial Revolution, which would never have been possible had humans not owned the knowledge gained from the Enlightenment. Literature Cited 1. Dorinda Outram, The Enlightenment (New York, Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge ,1995), 3. 2. Donald Kagan, Steven Ozment and Frank M. Turner, The Western Heritage, Second Brief Edition, Volume II: Since 1648 (Upper Saddle River, NJ, Prentice Hall, 1996), 397. 3. Outram, 58. 4. Kagan, 401. 5. Britannica Online, â€Å"The Enlightenment†, wysiwyg://176/http://www.britannica.com/†¦ article/5/0,5716,108605+8+106072,00.html, 21. 6. Roy Porter, The Enlightenment, (London, The MacMillan Press Ltd., 1990), 3. 7. Kagan, 403. 8. Outram, 62. 9. Jonathon Weiner, Time, Love, Memory (New York, Vintage Books, 1999), 5.

Investigate the factors affecting the rate of Osmosis :: GCSE Biology Osmosis Coursework

Investigate the factors affecting the rate of Osmosis Planning Osmosis is the diffusion of water from a lower concentration of solute to a higher concentration of solute, through a partially permeable membrane. In a high concentration of water the amount of solute (e.g. sucrose) is low. This could be called a weak or dilute solution. In a low concentration of water the amount of solute is high. This could be called a strong or concentrated solution. When a partially permeable membrane divides two such solutions, the water will move from the area of high concentration to the area of low concentration until both sides are equal. In plant cells water flows through the cell wall and cell surface membrane into the vacuole from the outside. As a result, the cell swells up. It doesn't burst as the cell wall stops the cell expanding too much; at this point we say a cell is fully turgid. Aim The purpose of my investigation is to investigate the factors affecting the rate of Osmosis. The key factors I have found affect this are: Length - of membrane Temperature - of water Concentration - of solution The factor I am going to investigate is the concentration of the solution in which the potatoes are placed. By doing this I will have to control all other factors to ensure a fair test, these are; doing all the tests at room temperature to control the temperature as a higher temperature would mean diffusion would occur quicker. The mass and surface area of the potatoes at the beginning of the experiment are other controls I will need to monitor to ensure a fair test. The mass of the potato is a dependent variable; this means that it will be measured throughout the experiment. I will measure the mass in grams correct to 2d.p. The potato chip will be measured before it is put in the solution, and after. This will allow us to see whether osmosis has taken place, and to what extent. The volume of the solution that the potato chips are kept in must be fair. The must be totally covered in the solution, and the amount of solution will be kept the same because all the potato chips are the same size. The amount of solution I cover each chip in will be 20cm. Prediction I predict in my experiment that the higher the concentration of sugar in the solution, the smaller the potato chip will become. I predict this as the greater the concentration of water in the external solution, the greater the amount of water that enters the cell by

A movie Review about Do the Right Thing

The film Do the Right Thing was a story of the neighborhood of Bed-Stuy in Brooklyn, New York. In this mostly African-American neighborhood, everything seemed to be peaceful at the beginning of the hottest day of the year.The Italian-Americans that owned Sal's Famous Pizzeria opened the restaurant, Mookie, the African-American delivery boy for Sal's Famous Pizzeria, reported for work, and the rest of the neighborhood went about their daily business.Toward the middle of the day, Buggin Out, one of Mookie's friends, tried to get a boycott of Sal's pizzeria organized because there were no pictures of African-Americans on Sal's â€Å"Wall of Fame.† No one wanted to be a part of it, because they all loved Sal's Famous Pizzeria.By the time night fell and the pizzeria was about to close for the night, Buggin Out got Radio Raheem to join in the boycott. After a fight started when Sal busted Radio Raheem's boom box, the entire neighborhood got involved.When the police showed up, Mookie 's friend was arrested, and, as the police were trying to subdue Radio Raheem, they accidentally strangled him to death. The police put Radio Raheem's body in the back of the police car and left.   This act of violence made the neighborhood react violently toward Sal, who had nothing to do with how the police treated Radio Raheem.Mookie was the first to throw a trash can through a window of the pizzeria. After that, people from the neighborhood stormed the restaurant, stealing the money, breaking everything inside before finally setting the pizzeria ablaze. Sal's Famous Pizzeria was gone.The heat outside was a metaphor for the tensions that arose in the neighborhood.   As the weather got hotter, the tension mounted. As people became agitated because of the heat, they also became agitated because of the underlying racial conflicts that seemed to infiltrate the neighborhood.   When the heat rose to its hottest point, the tension boiled over, resulting in the death of Radio Rahee m and the riot at Sal's Famous Pizzeria.For example, at about the mid-point of the day, Da Mayor is confronted by a group of neighborhood teenagers.   The teenagers ask Da Mayor why he gets to be the â€Å"mayor† and that he walks up and down the block like he owns it.   They resort to calling him a fossil and a bum.   Da Mayor replies that until they know how it feels not to be able to feed their families, they do not know him, or anything at all.   From this scene, the tension got worse as the day got longer, resulting in the riot.The heat was palpable; it was an entity that slowed the characters down and each were forced to overcome it.   This entity was akin to a demon.   It interfered with each person's conscience and forced each individual to make rash decisions.In essence, the heat made the characters act out in the violent way that they did.   If it were not for the extreme heat, perhaps the decisions would have been different, and the riot could have be en avoided.Several people â€Å"do the right thing† throughout the film.   For example, Da Mayor does the right thing when he pushed the little boy out of the way of a speeding car, saving his life.Mookie does the right thing when he escorts Buggin Out out of Sal's Famous Pizzeria when he started to get belligerent. Sal does the right thing when, even though Mookie started the riot, he pays Mookie what he owes him for his work the previous night.However, in the events leading up to and during the riot, no one does the right thing.   Sal broke the boom box, which resulted in him being attacked and Mookie threw the trash can through a window of the pizzeria, which resulted in a riot. In view of the bigger picture, Sal's pizzeria still burned down, Mookie is still out of a job, and the entire neighborhood is a little worse for wear.Just because a couple of people did the right thing throughout the day does not mean that everything should be forgiven.   The tension, like th e heat, infected everyone like a sickness. People were already belligerent from the heat, and the accumulation of the day's events added fuel to the fire.The riot turned into a race war.   In the end, no one won. There was still a loss felt, for both Radio Raheem, who died at the hands of the police, and for a long-time member of the neighborhood, Sal's pizzeria.

RH Bill: Hanging in the Balance Essay

The Philippines for the longest time has been torn by two, not necessarily opposing, but somehow different, forces; the church and the state. Though there has been a decree on the inviolable separation of these entities , more often than not, when societal issues confronting the state’s political affairs fall under â€Å"moral dilemmas,† the church can not help coming into the scene. This is the same case happening with the season’s national concern: House Bill 96, otherwise known as the Reproductive Health, Responsible Parenthood and Population and Development Act . Banking on the potentials of the said bill to drastically minimize the ballooning population of the country, the Aquino administration openly admitted its all-out support for the bill’s being enacted into law. This could be done, as the bill suggests, through maintaining feedom of informed choice wherein parents, couples and women enjoy the liberty or option of choosing from a menu of modern natural and artificial family planning methods which are medically safe, legal, accessible, affordable and effective. This caused the moralist groups, headed by the Catholic Bishops Conference of the Philippines, to react violently. They expressed apprehensions that such a bill was by nature promoting looser morals that would eventually lead to a morally-corrupt society. The inculcation of sex education in the academic curriculum is simply unorthodoxical, and as such, is morally unacceptable. However the bill’s proponents contented that the said bill is not what the moralist pictured it to be. That it is about the government’s wholesome response to reproductive health concerns that for ages have been left unattended, and which were held accountable for the rapid proliferation of  the Filipino race and the perennial poverty that goes with it. The discussion may seen endless as each party stands firm on the ideals it represents. But at the day’s end, it would always be up to the individual couple, the direct recipients of such a bill, to decide for theselves whether or not to adhere to the proposals of whom. It is just hoped that their decision is designed based on how it would serve the union best and the country’s welfare in general.

A Comparative Study of Criminal Justice Major Students

The study probes the perceptions of criminal justice majors. In essence, the study aims to determine if the formal educational background of a criminal justice major is a vital factor in the shaping of an individual’s perception of the criminal justice system as compared to those who do not have any.Students from the university were sampled to serve as the respondents for the study who were divided into two groups: criminal justice majors and non majors. The study’s assumption was: there is no significant difference between the perception of the criminal justice majors and non majors.Chapter I: IntroductionOver the years, studies have been made to shed light on the issue of criminal justice as perceived by the general public and by the criminal justice majors. The perception of the general pubic and the criminal justice majors, of course, differs in a lot of aspects.Logically, non criminal justice majors or the public mainly rely on the mass media for the information th at they need while the criminal justice majors have a broader background on the issue of crime and criminal justice.Criminal justice majors are usually exposed with researches that would explain phenomena in the field of criminal justice. Thus, there is a definite difference between the perception of the criminal justice majors and the public (Tsoudis, 2000).But then, an exploratory study is needed to further back up this claim. Does the education background of the criminal justice majors has something to do with their perception of crime and criminal justice?How can this educational background of the criminal justice majors would eventually influence or affect the perception of the general public? How influential can the media be in shaping the public’s perception of crime and criminal justice?These questions are only few that have to be answered to prove that the claims of the previous studies are valid and logical.The media has also been the main source of information amon g the public. Undeniably, groups of people mainly rely their notion and perceptions over things on the information that they consume provided by the media.There have been debates over the influence of the media and its tendency to veer away from truth. Some media outfits are guilty of exaggerating news items especially those dealing with crimes for the simple reason of getting a â€Å"controversial scoop† or because they have doing it unconsciously.Nadler (2005) writes, â€Å"Such media play can undermine the public’s perception of the legitimacy of law enforcement generally.   This loss of legitimacy and distrust of the fairness of the legal system, can in turn lead to more widespread lawbreaking.†Connie McNeely (1995) writes that most of what Americans understand about law enforcement comes from what they view in the media, mainly television and movies.Aside from these media experiences, many Americans do not have the first hand knowledge of the inter-workin gs of border patrol or general law enforcement at the community level.True enough, media have the great role of shaping the minds of its audience.Because her insights are somewhat outdated in this day and age of television shows like CSI and 24, it would be interesting to carry out further study of this idea.   Still her study warrants close examination as she furthers her argument by writing:

Ice Cream Survey

Survey Result Analysis We had a balanced amount of men and women mostly between the ages of 20-30, partake in our survey. However there was a wide range of age from 15-60. Almost all of our applicants were originally from South Dakota, Nebraska, or North Dakota. We did have a few people from California and from Arizona. Almost all of our applicants enjoyed breakfast food with 38 people. They usually buy ice cream in the summer, but 25 still stated they bought ice cream on a monthly basis. Almost everyone said they buy ice cream both at the store, and at ice cream stores like Dairy Queen. 3 of 44 applicants said they preferred to go to a place like Dairy Queen than the grocery store. $3-4 was the overall average that applicants said they would spend on ice cream at a retailer. $5-6 was the average spent at a grocery store. Applicants were about even when it came to the size of the container. We learned that frozen yogurt was a bad idea because almost everyone preferred ice cream over frozen yogurt. A small amount of 10 people looked at the nutrition facts on ice cream. Only 2 people preferred and ice cream with no sugar added. 3 applicants said that they buy the same flavor of ice cream every time. While 21 like to try new flavors of ice cream. It was a very close race between one solid flavor or multiple flavors. The majority was multiple flavors. Another thing that was interesting was the amount of applicants that stated that they like extra toppings on their ice cream. More than twice as many consumers eat ice cream out of the dish rather than the cone. 25 of out applicants said that they eat breakfast daily. 10 said 3-4 times week, and 7 said less than 2 times a week.Over 80% of our applicants agreed that they found ice cream enjoyable. The same amount liked the taste of bacon. About 60% said that nutrition was important to them. About 70% enjoyed the taste of maple syrup. Over 60% were willing to try new foods. After conclusive results found from our survey , we chose Maple Bacon to be our ice cream flavor. Our survey applicants stated that they buy ice cream by the gallon, quart, and by the pint. So we decided to just serve our ice cream in a gallon and in a pint. The average price people said they were willing to pay at a grocery was around $5-6 dollars.With that said, we decided that a pint of our ice cream should cost around $3. 50, and our gallons should cost about $5. 50. We also believe that because maple bacon is truly a unique flavor, so there is added perceived value to it. We also believe that if we could sign a contract with Dairy Queen, it would significantly improve our sales. People seem to like to try new flavors at places like this. It would also be a great for marketing. Final Tally Are you Male or Female? 23 males, 21 female What is your age? Large range, from ages 10-60, with a mean of 24Where did you grow up? Rapid City, Huron, Montrose, California, Spearfish Do you particularly enjoy breakfast foods? 38 people enj oy, 6 dislike How often do you eat ice cream in a week's time? 24 people said once or less per week, 12 people said at least once per week, 5 people said they don’t consume ice cream on a weekly basis. How often do you purchase ice cream: daily, weekly, monthly, yearly? At least 25 people said monthly. A few people said yearly, and over 5 people said weekly Are you willing to buy ice cream at the grocery store? 8 people are willing to buy ice cream at the grocery store 7 people are not willing Do you prefer to go to a place where ice cream is made to your liking, i. e (Dairy Queen) over buying ice cream at the grocery store? 43 people prefer going to a place like Dairy Queen Do you prefer purchasing a pint, quart or a gallon of ice cream at a time? There was an even amount of 14 people for each group How much  are you willing to pay for an ice cream treat at a place like Dairy queen? 3-4$ was the mean How much are you willing to pay for ice cream purchased at a grocery stor e? -6$ was the mean Do you prefer frozen yogurt over ice cream? 35 people prefer ice cream, 8 people prefer frozen yogurt Would you prefer an ice cream with no sugar added? Only 1 or 2 people preferred ice cream with no sugar added. Do you consider nutrition facts when purchasing ice cream? 34 people don’t look at the fact when 10 people do. When purchasing ice cream, do you experiment with new flavors or buy the same flavor every time? 23 people buy the same flavor every time, while 21 people try new flavors Do you prefer a solid flavor over a multiple flavored ice cream?This was about even with 22 for each Do you enjoy extra toppings on your ice cream? 24 enjoy extra topping while 20 don’t enjoy toppings Do you prefer eating ice cream out of a cone or in a dish? 30 people said dish, while 14 said cone. How often do you eat breakfast during the week? 25 said daily, while 10 said 3-4 times a week, and 7 said less than 2 times a week. Answer the following questions on a scale of 1 to 7, with 7 agree and 1 disagree I bolded the most average choiceStrongly Disagree   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Strongly Agree – I find ice cream enjoyable  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   4  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   5  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   6  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   7 – I like the taste of bacon  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   4  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   5  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   6  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   7 – Nutrition is important to me  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   4  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   5  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   6  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   7  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   – I enjoy maple syrup  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   4  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   5  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  6  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   7 – I am willing to try new things  Ã‚  Ã‚   1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   4  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   5  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   6  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   7  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   – I enjoy trying new foods  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã ‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   4  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   5  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   6  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   7

A Study on Legal Position of Floor Area Ratio (FAR) in Urban Development

A Study on Legal Position of Floor Area Ratio (FAR) in Urban Development Floor Area Ratio (FAR) is one of the main features of urban area, which is always considered by urban planners. This issue has become as one of the major bases of urban development policy in Iran within the past recent years and been emphasized through the framework of several urban development plans. Therefore, a fundamental view in this regard is mandatory. The most important achievement of the current century in the field of urban development is considering citizens rights and qualitative aspects in this regard. Non-professional interference such as selling excessive FAR and uncontrolled and unplanned developments, especially for housing purposes in most major cities without considering the variability and difference of urban lands and merely for achieve earning for municipality and profitability of a limited group of investors have occurred, which resulted in a decrease in urban environment quality and lack of sustainability in the field of security, health and comfort of citizen s in environmental fields. Whereas effect of tall buildings on urban area and citizens in terms of physical, economic, social, urban development, etc. is undeniable, therefore, special focus on urban development laws is required. The purpose of this study includes recognizing effecting urban laws relating to FAR and controlling urban development through examining laws on FAR and tall building construction in some sample countries across the Globe, to identify variable and suitable solutions using global experiences. Eventually, through studying Tehran and New York, as two modern cities with roughly similar conditions and comparing the laws and manner to face issues of urban development and FAR, we understand the level of success of each in this regard and what are more suitable solutions. Study method in this article is combined, in a way that using research method and documented and library base studies, the relevant information is collected and further examined using quantitative and qualitative method. Introduction Almost all developed and developing countries face serious problems due to rapid and vertical growth of cities during the recent decades. The issues of this phenomenon not only extensively affected urban development policies, but also its consequences played a major role in economic, social, political, managerial and environmental issues of the societies. Concerns on this phenomenon caused that the developed countries, especially upon WWII, take certain measures to solve or control this crisis. The main bases of these measures include policies on tall building construction, mass development, changing taxation laws, enactment of land laws for optimized usage, improvement and renovation of old and central urban areas, plan on preparing lands of new locations, developing new cities, and above all, policy on increasing population density and FAR of cities. Through reviewing many of these polices, the undeniable role of FAR component in forming and physical aspect and form of the city may be perceived. In these plans, FAR is determined considering population expected for the plan horizon and urban development and urban region policies as well as considering environmental capacities, services and infra-structural urban installations and social, economic, and cultural characteristics. Therefore, focusing the important role of housing in the city and urban planning, focusing position of FAR in projects, its role and importance in urban area organization and factors and criteria affecting the same and legal discussion in this regard are essential. Various existing limitations in a city results in limitations to admitting population for that city and its suburbs, while due to the same reason, the regulations on level of permitted construction in urban development plans is known and therefore, the owners are prohibited to construct excessive building considering their construction permits. Study Purpose Identifying factors affecting FAR Clarifying FAR concept as urban development tool for housing projects Study Questions What are the effective criteria to determine FAR? Can the criteria effective in modern urban design be achieved through considering common legal aspects of FAR in the studied countries? Study Method Whereas this article is of analytical, quantitative and qualitative nature and collecting data has been fulfilled through research method and documented and library studies, which have further been studied, therefore, the study method in this article is of combined type. Position of FAR in Urban Development Fundamentals: In general, the concept of density in the urban planning literature in the context of land use planning under the category of zoning regulations is the subject dealt with the spatial distribution of elements, functions and activities in urban areas. (Flame, Urban Management Quarterly, 2008, p. 36). Concentration in urban design also has a great effect on all three aspects of the artifact environment, its function, its form and meaning. This effect is achieved through the level of user activity in the functional dimension, and the methods for controlling the volume, height and spacing of buildings, in the dimension of the form through the dimensions of performance and in the semantic dimension and artifact environment. Height: The height of buildings as one of the contiguous variables on FAR is one of the most important factors in organizing urban landscape. This criterion, in proportion to the number of building floors, is a more precise control tool that should be designed with regard to adjacent buildings and street features. The impact of building height on creating a sense of space enclosure is significant. The sense of being enclosed in space is essentially based on the relation between the eye distance from the height of the enclosing body of space. Building Mass and Volume: This is one of the other criteria controlling FAR, which plays an important role in urban form and view. This criterion focuses controlling volume and distribution of superstructure on ground area. Scale: It is one of the other variables dependent on density, which is a complex, multi-faceted and relative measure. So that it can be a mixture of the main criteria such as mass and volume, height, gradient etc. In this way, the effects of building density on the physical dimension are more pronounced. Disturbance in physical spaces and urban form and landscape is one of the negative consequences of increasing construction density. Floor Area Ratio (FAR) This is the ratio of the total infrastructure construction of a fragment to the total area of that piece. (Zo Eshtyagh, 1998.4) The index of construction density is shown as a percentage. The effects of increasing the density on the urban form include spatial skew, a cultural organization, mass and space. The effects of increasing density on urban landscape are as follows: Height line, bonding of the walls, scale, granularity, hemisphericity of buildings. Therefore, if increased construction density, without comprehensive planning, can cause disturbances in the citys space and body. The formation of the physical composition of urban bodies, without consideration of qualitative and quantitative aspects, will lead to the creation of discrete and unconnected urban areas and disparate and disproportionate towers. This is clearly visible in housing projects. Factors effective in Categorization Determine the density in each area according to its type of operation Determine the amount of land needed for important urban functions such as trade, industry, residential sector and other urban activities (Shokouti, 1994, p. 343) The height of buildings, the dimensions of segments, the street width, the supply area and the number of buildings in each building The location and capacity of the lines of installations and main streets (Zyari, 2009, p. 67) The theory of determinism (ecology) of the city, considering its size and population density and high buildings, causes the mental and emotional disturbances of the citizens, which in turn undermine social relations, Superficial, apparent, and so on. But combinators claim that ecological factors do not play an effective role in social relationships, and that differences in social behavior of individuals derive from their own characteristics and characteristics. Sub-cultural theory synthesizes two earlier theories that are more consistent with the reality of urban life. The existence of complications from various subcultures under conditions of consolidation can have the same strong links and sincere connections in urban areas and, in some cases, an abnormal phenomenon. In high-rise buildings, in addition to the effects of ecological factors, non-ecological issues also play a major role. In addition to numerous global experiences, research conducted in Iran, mainly composed of academ ic work.

Industrial Applications of Computers Case Study

Industrial Applications of Computers - Case Study Example Profitable papermaking means continuous production with minimal deviations from quality specifications. While steady-state control performance is essential, the elimination of waste during transitions such as changes of grades and break recoveries is where the greatest economic gains can be achieved. As production rates rise, often stretching the design capacity of the paper machine, Quality Control Systems (QCS) allow the company to improve the efficiency and quality of the production. This is evident from the significant new developments in quality measurement and control since the introduction of cross direction (CD) control seen in the past years since the 1970s.For paperboard manufacturing using the paper machines, it is necessary to establish the control system that provides a high-mix, low-volume product production. Control parameters are the key component of optimizing the operation, and so the paperboard company should consider an advanced performing QCS. In many cases, the control parameters of paperboard production facilities are normally fixed to the same value using a typical product. Many of these paper production facilities operates in a high mix, low-volume condition because the equipment are consolidated and diverse products are produced to satisfy the end user’s request. Moreover, the paperboard production equipment is often disturbed by the processes of feed preparation or by auxiliary systems. It is for this reason that the control parameters require optimization.... Control parameters are the key component of optimizing the operation, and so the paperboard company should consider an advanced performing QCS. In many cases, the control parameters of paperboard production facilities are normally fixed to the same value using a typical product. Many of these paper production facilities operates in a high mix, low-volume condition because the equipment are consolidated and diverse products are produced to satisfy the end user’s request. Moreover, the paperboard production equipment is often disturbed by the processes of feed preparation or by auxiliary systems. It is for this reason that the control parameters require optimization by deploying a plug-and-play quality control system. Plug-and-play Quality Control System Network Diagram The plug-and-play QCS is a cost effective tool that is used to monitor and control the processes of producing the paperboards. The QCS will consist of a scanner that is driven by a logic controller that is progra mmable, measurement sensors that are network-ready and a station for operations which is connected to a high speed Ethernet network. The architecture provides unlimited connectivity that helps in configuring the system as part of the mill wide distributed control system for full integration into the business network (Oloufa & Thomas, 1999). The configured system featured an off-the-shelf software suite that is configured for high resolution cross the profiles of the equipment, providing historical trends, statistics as well as the supervisory controls of MD/CD. The QCS system is built with components that meet the standard of the industry providing a generic installation designed give self maintenance to the

Acid Rain in Hamilton Ontario Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Acid Rain in Hamilton Ontario - Research Paper Example The acid rain in turn pollutes the lakes making them acidic, which kills the fishes and other species in water, also affecting the trees which die due to acidic nature of the rain. Humans are also affected as they have to encounter various health issues. As a response, various short term and long term measures are being taken which have effectively reduced the emissions; however a lot needs to be done as the hazards of the problem are too severe to ignore. Acid rain has become a severe environmental hazard in the recent past due to the environmental implications it leaves on the ecosystem as well as on the human health. As a basic phenomenon, due to pollution in the environment owing to industrial waste or other reasons nitrous oxide and sulphur dioxide are released in the atmosphere which is evaporated. These evaporated chemicals descend back on earth in the form of acid rain, creating severe hazards for the environment. Acid rain is one of the most crucial concerns for North America and Canada, as industrial emissions released in the atmosphere are surpassing the limits causing environmental hazards. According to a recent research, this problem has been predicted to continue for at least another 60 years. Hamilton Ontario located in Eastern Canada can be taken as a case study to inquire about the issue in detail, as this locale has been a victim of acid rain in the past and strong actions have been implemented to resolve the issue1. In context to the Hamilton Ontario, the first concern related to the causes behind the severity of the issue in this area. Since Ontario lies in Eastern Canada, the cloud approaches this area from the US. The industrial wastes emitted through the factories running in the US emit suphur and nitrogen containing acidic chemical in the environment which pollute the clouds2. When the winds blow east, they carry the clouds along which cause acid rain to drop over the area in the form of rainwater.

Business Idea Evaluation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Business Idea Evaluation - Essay Example The article also brings to light the strategic benefit of aligning the innovation strategy with the ecosystem and what a successful innovation evaluation model should seek to measure. Innovation is the key to business success. In order that it reigns supreme and contributes to increasing profitability it must be managed carefully. Organizations must create and sustain a creativity supporting culture through routines, rituals as well, control systems, symbols and systems. Organizations endeavour to instil some form of entrepreneurial spirit amongst their employees [15]. Ever since the discipline of management came into being, various models and criteria have been established to evaluate business ideas and propositions. In theory, these criteria should be able to assess the idea on many different dimensions. These include; "market opportunity, competition, the marketing system, financial factors and production factors." [1] Innovation is not just the domain of R& D. It exists everywhere, at all levels and all areas of the organization. However, not many companies know how to learn from this innovation and use it to improve the overall effectiveness of the organization. Also, "Starting a business is easy. Deciding on what business to engage in is the difficult part. There are literally hundreds of ideas you might think of that could bring in extra income. How do you know which of these business ideas will bring you success" A business idea is the 1st step in setting up a business. It's the beginning of the business development process. Since the concept behind a business is to make money, a business idea should be something people will be willing to buy, hence it should satisfy the value proposition. This is the unique value that a product has that a product brings to its customers. Business ideas usually start on a broad scope. These are then narrowed down keeping market conditions, customer requirements and business resources in mind.[21] Business models have been set out to assess the viability of a new idea. These are usually focused on a certain aspect of the innovation. In practice, a host of models are put to use for a comprehensive evaluation. While certain approaches are centred around the financial feasibility of the new venture such as Return on Investment and Net Present Value, others are more qualitative in nature. However, all of them have certain drawbacks and specific advantages. There is no best approach for any idea and many ideas must be evaluated keeping in mind variables such as type of industry, type of product, type of market etc. The Buyer Utility Map The Buyer Utility Map is a comprehensive tool used to evaluate the utility of a business idea for the target consumer. It focuses on the six stages of buyer experiences; purchase, delivery, use, supplements, maintenance and disposal. These are matched with the six utility levers which include

Relationship between Business Architecture and Innovation Essay

Relationship between Business Architecture and Innovation - Essay Example As the paper outlines the most familiar tactics include application of innovation through the potential use of advanced technology and maximum allocation of limited resources. However, firms or certain organizations are constantly faced with challenges that involved their customers, employees, suppliers, and various stakeholders. In other words, to effectively instigate competitive advantage, a certain firm aiming to reach its innovative edge needs to establish a secure relationship with its stakeholders and apply substantial strategies. In this paper, the proponent tries to analyse the relationship between business architecture and innovation. Furthermore, the role of business architecture in sustaining competitive advantage is included in the discussion. In order to have abounding knowledge of this issue, a certain case is included. The issue that innovation cannot be sustained without architecture in relation to Kodak is integrated in this essay. From this paper it is clear that the business architecture is structured within the bound of strategy, organization, technology, operations and leadership. All of these elements are interconnected with the customers, employees, suppliers and various stakeholders who are important agents of change within the industry. Thus, both of business’s external and internal environments are momentarily transforming from time to time. This is due to the fact that many organisations today are able to create a need for their various products and service offerings using their own best possible ways. In fact, modern marketing points out the fact that organisations create a need for their various product and service offerings.

Human Sexuality Aspects Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Human Sexuality Aspects - Essay Example Human sexuality deals more with emotional responses as principles, standards, and duties. Movies as a media of communication, has an enormous effect in the manner in which it has shaped the way people relate and engage in sexual activities. Human sexuality directly or indirectly has influences in many areas of life that pertains to human beings. Human sexuality affects the society in numerous ways. For example, it influences persons in the sociocultural aspect. Different people have different cultures and share different views on sexual behaviors and what people perceives to be wrong in different parts of the world. Movies have played a played a major role in influencing the way people perceive sexual activities. For instance, most characters in movies engage in sexual activities before marriage, which is a forbidden practice among many religious groups. Though most persons will try their best to follow religious rules, they will also try their very best to keep secrets of how they engage in sexual activities. People do this in order to avoid critisims or even being punished. Moreover, sexual activities in movies in addition to beliefs of a person and their religious backgrounds as well as personal experiences and behaviors can have even a stronger influence in an individual or a group of people. Such influences from movies include influencing the way children are taught about sexuality by their parents. This is because children tend to emulate in behavior what they watch on movies. Often, young children look for guidance through media on what are both socially acceptable or not. The media tends to help shape the attitudes of children on what they like and what they do not. Movies show attractive cast people in the lead roles (Bancroft 7). Human sexuality also plays a major role in influencing the way people in the society behaves and communicates to each other. More often than not, human behavior is determined by the

Buddhist Temples As Educational Centers For Spiritual Quest Essay

Buddhist Temples As Educational Centers For Spiritual Quest - Essay Example Buddhism is a choice religion for this, as it emphasises meditation, contemplation of nature, and non-traditional thinking. To understand how Buddhist temples can become educational centres for this kind of spiritual journey, one must first understand the nature of Spiritual quests and Buddhist faith, before looking again at the issue of questing and education. Spiritual quests have been an essential part of religious experience for most of recorded history. From shamanistic vision quests to the separations of Religious leaders, the spiritual quest is the path to enlightenment. These journeys often involve great challenges, difficulties or impossible tasks to be performed. Mythologies often depict heroes going on long journeys, and overcoming terrible odds in order to obtain valuable items, or important knowledge. The Scandinavian tale of Odin hanging from the world tree in order to obtain knowledge for human kind is one example of a spiritual quest. Often originating in personal cat astrophe, the spiritual quest seeks to bridge the divide between possible and impossible worlds. The seeker isolates him or herself from general society, and puts himself through an ordeal. Passing through that experience gives the seeker enlightenment, and they can then return to their society with the gifts that the quest has brought out and developed within them. In modern western society, the religious quest does not seem to be so important to us. Many people do not undertake these journeys - jobs, families and other ties mean that it would be extremely difficult to isolate yourself from the rest of society for long periods of time. In the present day, these quests are generally undertaken in less strenuous circumstances. Anyone wishing to perform an actual quest or journey can go on vacations to spiritual places, or join quest expeditions which Combine sightseeing with meditation, Yoga and other lessons in self-discovery and self empowerment (Andrews) Even if modern Western societies have adapted the spiritual practices of the past, then this does not mean that they are any less valid or challenging. In recent years, the spiritual quest has been compared with the scientific questioning of the world: The scientific quest is to discover the order in the external world of space, time energy and matter. The spiritual quest is to discover order in our consciousness. (Krishna) Krishna also emphasises the importance of personal experience in spiritual seeking. "In the spiritual quest, knowledge is not helpful" (Krishna). What is needed is an insight into the truth, the same insight which the spiritual leader once had: Buddha's student has to observe all over again and rediscover what the Buddha discovered, in order to come upon that order in his own consciousness. One simply cannot learn it like knowledge. (Krishna) Spiritual quests demand that the seeker not only know the works of the leader, but also attempt to go through the same journey than Buddha, Christ, Krishna, Odin, or any other religious leaders. In this sense, spiritual questing can bring about a greater understanding of the seeker's faith, and give true meaning to the texts of religious traditions. 2)Buddhism Buddhism is not necessarily what one would expect from a religion. Instead of teaching salvation though submission to a supernatural entity, Buddhist teachings focus upon the mind as the way to spirituality and understanding. While the Buddha is venerated as a god or gods might be in other religion, it is also true that he is seen as a